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lang="fr-FR"> Succès mondial dans le traitement de la paralysie - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Site icon https://dev.medias-presse.info

Succès mondial dans le traitement de la paralysie

Le New York Times du 14 avril nous fait part d’un succès thérapeutique étonnant. Il y a cinq ans, un étudiant nommé Ian Burkhart a plongé dans une vague sur une plage située en Caroline du Nord. Il s’est brisé le cou sur le sol sablonneux et s’est retrouvé paralysé des bras et des jambes avec perte de la sensibilité et de la motricité. La revue Nature explique comment il a retrouvé l’usage de la main droite et de l’avant-bras : un paradis pour lui. Ceci grâce à Rajesh Rao, directeur du Centre de sensorimotricité du Neural Engineering à l’Université de Washington.

Ceux qui ont lu mon ouvrage La fin de l’espèce humaine savent que les possibilités d’action directe sur le cerveau se sont développées dans deux directions. La première est l’introduction d’implants stimulateurs ; ce qui permet de soigner une série de maladies du système nerveux : maladie de Parkinson, troubles obsessionnels compulsifs (TOC), dépression chronique etc. Les implants stimulent ou calment des zones cérébrales ciblées. De son côté, l’armée américaine a développé la recherche afin d’aider nombre de soldats ayant perdu un membre lors des différentes conflits armés. En pratique ce sont des prothèses sophistiquées qui, elles aussi, sont commandées à partir du cerveau par des implants.

Dans le cas présent de Burkhart, nous sommes précisément à la charnière entre ces deux techniques. Une puce informatique a été implantée au niveau de la zone du cerveau commandant la main droite (cortex moteur un peu au-dessus de l’oreille). Cet implant était formé de 96 filaments informatisés répartis sur une toute petite zone qu’il a été très difficile à localiser de manière précise. Il est sous la dépendance de la pensée de cet handicapé lourd. Il envoie par interface des signaux à un ordinateur ; celui-ci commande un ensemble de stimulateurs électriques repartis sur un manchon disposés au niveau l’avant-bras. Ceux-ci entraînent les contractions musculaires.

Il a fallu deux années d’entraînement et de rééducation pour que Jan Buckhart puisse à nouveau se servir de sa main pour utiliser des jeux vidéos, se servir d’une paille, jouer de la guitare, se verser à boire, se brosser les dents. En effet par chance, il avait gardé au décours de son accident une certaine autonomie du biceps et de l’épaule. Pourquoi deux années ? parce que les muscles de la main étaient complètement atrophiés mais aussi parce qu’il fallait réussir et affiner la programmation de l’ordinateur.

Cette technologie est lourde dans la mesure où elle passe par un ordinateur. Mais les chercheurs sont persuadés que Buckhart pourrait avec le temps retrouver une autonomie totale à partir précisément des implants. Comme je le présente dans l’ouvrage cité plus haut, il avait été possible de réaliser la commande par la pensée d’un bras robotique hors du corps. De même un singe avait récupéré par la pensée l’usage d’un bras paralysé. Mais c’est la première fois que de tels mouvements ont été rendus possibles sur le corps d’un humain lui-même.

Quoi qu’il en soit, malgré la lourdeur du système, ce succès constitue un progrès considérable : celui du contrôle direct par la pensée d’un membre paralysé.

Jean-Pierre Dickès

Cet article vous a plu ? MPI est une association à but non lucratif qui offre un service de réinformation gratuit et qui ne subsiste que par la générosité de ses lecteurs. Merci de votre soutien !

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