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Russie : le malaise des pensions de retraites - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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En Russie, comme dans beaucoup de pays, vieillissement de la population oblige, l’âge de la retraite est passé de 60 à 65 ans pour les hommes et de 55 à 63 ans pour les femmes. Or, même si l’espérance de vie moyenne des Russes est de 71 ans, elle est bien en-dessous dans plusieurs provinces, et même, dans certaines, inférieures à 65 ans.

En effet, 14 districts fédéraux ont une espérance de vie inférieure à 65 ans : Carélie, Khakassie, Khabarovsk, Amour, Irkoutsk, Kemerovo, Magadan, Novgorod, Pskov, Sakhaline, Transbaïkalie, Tver, Birobidjan et Tchoukotka.

De même, 9 districts ont une espérance de vie comprise entre 65 et 66 ans : Bouriatie, Krasnoïarsk, Primorie, Briansk, Vladimir, Kamtchatka, Kourgan, Sverdlovsk et Perm.

Pour finir, 8 districts ont une espérance de vie de 66 ans : Altaï, Vologda, Novossibirsk, Orenbourg, Smolensk, Tcheliabinsk et Nénétsie.

 A contrario, seuls 7 districts, tous dans le Caucase, ont une espérance de vie dépassant les 71 ans : le Daghestan, l’Ingouchie, le Kabardino-Balkarie, la Karatchaïévo-Tcherkassie, l’Ossétie-du-Nord la Tchétchénie et Toula.

Cela fait donc 31 oblasts sur 80 (les données sont manquantes dans 5 d’entre eux : Crimée, Altaï, Komis, Kostroma et Orel où les retraités ne pourront pas profiter de leur retraite et auront cotisé toute leur vie pour rien.

Le problème de l’extension de l’âge de la retraite ne se pose pas qu’en Russie, mais également dans tous les pays d’Europe de l’est ou la combinaison des caisses vides et d’une espérance de vie moindre fait que les travailleurs auraient mieux fait de ne jamais cotiser.

La Russie fait partie des pays classés en zone rouge ou l’espérance de vie est la plus faible. Selon la Banque Mondiale, l’espérance de vie en Russie est de 71 ans, soit la plus basse d’Europe avec l’Ukraine et la Moldavie.  L’amplitude est donc de 11 ans, ce qui place la Russie dans les normes de l’Europe orientale. On note d’ailleurs une véritable césure entre l’Europe de l’Ouest et les états de l’ancien Pacte de Varsovie.  Voici l’espérance de vie masculine et entre parenthèse le nombre d’années de retraite effective en moyenne :

83 ans : Suisse (18), Espagne (17.5), France (17.25), Islande (16), Italie (17), Liechtenstein (19), Suède (18.5).

– 82 ans : Autriche (17), Grèce (15), Irlande (16), Luxembourg (17), Malte (20), Pays-Bas (16), Norvège (15), Portugal (18.66), Royaume-Uni (17).

– 81 ans : Belgique (16), Allemagne (15.5), Danemark (16), Finlande (17.75), Slovénie (16)

80 ans : Chypre (15).

79 ans : Tchéquie (15.66).

– 78 ans : Pologne (13)

– 77 ans : Bosnie-Herzégovine (12), Estonie (13.5), Croatie (12), Monténégro (12), Slovaquie (14.6)

76 ans : Hongrie (13), Macédoine du Nord (12).

75 ans : Arménie (10), Bulgarie (9), Lituanie (11.33), Roumanie (10), Serbie (10), Turquie (15).

74 ans : Biélorussie (13), Lettonie (10.75).

73 ans : Géorgie (8).

– 72 ans : Albanie (7), Azerbaïdjan (8.5).

– 71 ans : Moldavie (8), Russie (11), Ukraine (11).

Hristo XIEP

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