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Mussolini, un dictateur en guerre (Max Schiavon) - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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mussolini-dictateur-en-guerre

Max Schiavon, docteur en histoire et spécialiste de l’histoire militaire contemporaine, a dirigé la recherche du Service historique de la Défense.

Benito Mussolini est exécuté sommairement par des partisans fin avril 1945. Aurait-il pu mourir de sa belle mort vingt ans plus tard s’il n’avait pas entraîné son pays dans une alliance avec l’Allemagne, puis dans de désastreuses campagnes militaires qui lui ont finalement coûté le pouvoir et la vie ? Apporter une réponse n’est pas simple. Les historiens s’accordent sur le fait que jusqu’en 1936, apogée du régime, les réussites ont éclipsé les échecs, jusque-là mineurs. Qu’est-ce qui a poussé Mussolini à engager son pays dans toujours plus d’aventures guerrières après le succès de la conquête de l’Ethiopie ?

Mussolini, en 1940, est surtout convaincu que l’Italie peut, en menant une guerre parallèle à celle de l’Allemagne, devenir à moindre frais la principale puissance du Bassin méditerranéen.

Lorsqu’en juin 1940 il déclare la guerre à la France, il est persuadé, comme d’ailleurs toute la classe dirigeante italienne à ce moment-là, que la paix sera signée quelques semaines plus tard. Or, le conflit s’étend et dure plus que prévu, ce qui le conduit à engager son armée sur plusieurs théâtres d’opérations, alors qu’elle souffre pourtant de graves carences dont il est informé mais qu’il minimise. Après quelques mois seulement, les Italiens sont partout en difficulté. La guerre parallèle souhaitée se transforme en guerre subalterne subie, le sort de l’Italie et de son chef dépendant désormais entièrement des résultats allemands.

L’erreur majeure des dirigeants fascistes, en particulier du premier d’entre eux, fut sans aucun doute de croire que la participation à la guerre d’Hitler leur permettrait de placer l’Italie dans une position internationale en réalité bien trop élevée au regard des moyens dont disposait leur pays. Le comportement de Mussolini comme chef de guerre, les choix qu’il a opérés, les directives stratégiques qu’il a données ou non, son amateurisme aussi, ne peuvent être compris qu’en étudiant son caractère, la nature exacte de son pouvoir, ses rapports avec l’armée et surtout l’idéologie qui l’animait. Tous ces facteurs expliquent en grande partie ses funestes choix politico-militaires décrits un à un par l’auteur de ce livre.

Mussolini, un dictateur en guerre, Max Schiavon, éditions Perrin, 270 pages, 21 euros

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