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Mohammad Réza Pahlavi, dernier shah d'Iran - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Houchang Nahavandi, membre correspondant de l’Académie des sciences morales et politiques, a été recteur des universités de Shiraz et de Téhéran et ministre du Développement sous la monarchie iranienne. En binôme avec Yves Bomati, docteur ès lettres et sciences humaines, il nous propose une imposante biographie de Mohammad Réza Pahlavi, dernier shah d’Iran (1919-1980).

Tout commence le 23 février 1921. Alors que règne Ahmad shah Qâdjâr, Téhéran et l’Iran tout entier vivent un tournant de leur histoire. Dès la naissance du jour, devant les édifices publics, les mosquées, aux carrefours principaux et à l’intérieur du Grand Bazar, une proclamation écrite à la hâte la nuit précédente, affichée bien à la vue de tous, vient changer les destins :

Moi, j’ordonne :

Tous les habitants de Téhéran sont tenus de garder le calme et d’obéir aux ordres des militaires.

L’état de siège est décrété. Passé huit heures du soir, hormis les militaires et les policiers, nul n’est autorisé à sortir de chez soi et à circuler dans les rues. (…)

Jusqu’à la formation d’un nouveau gouvernement, les administrations publiques, y compris la poste et le télégraphe, seront fermées. (…)

Commandant de la Division cosaque de Sa Majesté et commandant en chef des forces armées,

Réza

Par cette déclaration, cte fondateur d’une future dynastie – celle des Pahlavis, qui s’achèvera le 16 janvier 1979 -, un quasi inconnu, un militaire sorti du rang, bouscule l’Histoire. Son « Moi, j’ordonne » restera, dans la mémoire des Iraniens, la formule symbole de son règne, comme le « Jevous ai compris ! » de Charles De Gaulle le sera pour les Français.

Pourtant, à cette époque, les forces armées de Sa Majesté, hormis la Division cosaque, n’existent pratiquement pas. C’est donc sur cette unité à part, bien entraînée, qui constitue la garde de la famille royale à la suite d’un voyage officiel de Nasser-ol-Din shah en Russie, et qui est commandée par des Russes, que Réza, qui y est entré à l’âge de quinze ans, va s’imposer. Simple « cosaque », puis officier, général, généralissime et bientôt empereur, il continuera à s’habiller en militaire, coucher par terre et manger simplement jusqu’à son abdication en 1941. Son héritier est Mohammad Réza. Eclipsé durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il rentre en souverain à Téhéran après la fin de la guerre. Ce livre nous fait découvrir son règne controversé.

Mohammad Réza Pahlavi, Yves Bomati et Houchang Nahavandi, éditions Perrin, collection Tempus, 832 pages, 12 euros

A commander en ligne sur le site de l’éditeur

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