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L'histoire des paysans français (Eric Alary) - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Le récit que nous propose l’historien Eric Alary débute à la Belle Epoque, période où la IIIe République achève d’initier les paysans à la « démocratie républicaine ». Le titre est donc trompeur car le lecteur est en droit de s’attendre à un panorama historique bien plus vaste. Mais il n’empêche que cette lecture s’avère intéressante et révélatrice des bouleversements opérés en un siècle à peine.

Dans les années 1900, les paysans ont encore l’impression de compter aux yeux de la société et des hommes politiques. Déjà, le modèle urbain attire des jeunes qui n’envisagent pas de reprendre la ferme parentale. Et des paysans désireux de profiter du confort et des progrès venus des villes délaissent leur singularité au profit d’une place politique de premier plan. La Belle Epoque marque la fin d’un cycle commencé au XIXe siècle, où les paysans ont connu la prospérité avant la Grande Dépression.

Un siècle plus tard, les paysans sont méconnaissables. Ils ont traversé une série de crises économiques sous la IIIe République, deux guerres mondiales – dont la première qui fut dévastatrice dans la population paysanne -, le dépeuplement des villages, la révolution mécanique. Leur détresse, fruit de plusieurs « révolutions » rapides depuis 1945, contraste avec les évolutions plus lentes des décennies précédentes.

Effondrement démographique, célibat, isolement, crise de confiance dans les politiques menées par la gauche comme par la droite, rejet de l’Union européenne, sont autant de caractéristiques du monde paysan d’aujourd’hui. C’est qu’au cours du XXe siècle, la part des travailleurs de la terre dans la population active est passée de 50 ù 0 5 % !

La période qui s’étend de la Belle Epoque à nos jours témoigne des mutations profondes et répétées, qu’aucun autre groupe social n’a sans doute vécues à un rythme aussi effréné.

Les paysans ont été les héros nourriciers du pays; ils en sont aujourd’hui les oubliés.

L’histoire des paysans français, Eric Alary, éditions Perrin, collection Tempus, 512 pages, 11 euros

A commander en ligne sur le site de l’éditeur

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