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Les Vikings, vérités et légendes (Jean Renaud) - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Jean Renaud, professeur émérite de langues, littérature et civilisation scandinaves, a dirigé le département d’études nordiques à l’université de Caen. Il a publié plusieurs manuels de langues scandinaves et une douzaine d’ouvrages sur les Vikings. Chez Perrin, dans la collection Vérités et légendes, à partir des meilleures sources archéologiques et historiques, il répond à trente questions afin d’en savoir véritablement plus sur ces Vikings à propos desquels différents mythes sont entretenus par la littérature, le cinéma ou la bande dessinée.

Les incursions vikings ont été traumatisantes pour tous les contemporains Leurs pillages et exactions ont laissé des traces en France. A Nantes, dans la cathédrale, un grand tableau peint en 1852 rappelle qu’ils y ont égorgé l’évêque Gohard en 843. L’impact psychologique de leurs méfaits est importante : l’image du guerrier barbare est toujours présente deux siècles plus tard, quand Guillaume de Jumièges écrit dans ses Gesta Normannorum ducum qu’après leur passage, « il ne reste pas même un chien qui puisse aboyer à leurs trousses ». Jean Renaud nous raconte notamment leurs différents raids sanglants sur Paris. Mais ce livre nous fait découvrir bien d’autres aspects de ces Vikings : leurs échanges commerciaux, le fonctionnement de leurs instruments de navigation, leur hygiène, leur mythologie, leurs sacrifices humains, le style animalier qui se retrouve sur leur habillement, leurs armes, leurs demeures, leurs navires,… L’ouvrage examine également leur conversion au christianisme.

Au passage, Jean Renaud met fin à diverses légendes bien tenaces. A l’époque viking, le casque n’est surmonté ni de cornes ni d’ailes. En vérité, seuls les plus riches possédaient un casque en métal. Beaucoup de Vikings se battaient tête nue ou portaient un casque en cuir. De même, les Vikings ne buvaient pas dans des crânes mais dans des cornes. Enfin, il n’y avait pas de femmes guerrières chez les Vikings. Dans l’imaginaire des Vikings, les valkyries ne combattent pas : elles fréquentent les champs de bataille chargées par Odin de choisir les guerriers qui doivent mourir. Et si des femmes ont pris part à des expéditions vikings, c’était pour l’intendance et pour s’installer à demeure sur les territoires colonisés, selon les témoignages contemporains. Ces idées fausses ont néanmoins la vie dure…

Les Vikings, Jean Renaud, éditions Perrin, collection Vérités et légendes, 352 pages, 13 euros

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