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lang="fr-FR"> Lénine, l'inventeur du totalitarisme (Stéphane Courtois) - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Site icon https://dev.medias-presse.info

Lénine, l’inventeur du totalitarisme (Stéphane Courtois)

Stéphane Courtois, historien, directeur de recherche honoraire au CNRS, est l’auteur d’une trentaine d’ouvrages consacrés au communisme.

Avec la chute du Mur de Berlin, l’implosion de l’URSS et l’ouverture de ses archives, l’accès à de très nombreuses sources a montré le rôle moteur de Lénine dans la mise en place de tous les éléments constitutifs d’un régime totalitaire. C’était le début du basculement  de l’image du  » grand  » et  » bon  » Lénine vers le  » vrai  » Lénine, en particulier sur la question de la Terreur. Il devenait de plus en plus clair que Staline s’était montré un fidèle héritier de son mentor, dont il avait su recueillir les enseignements en matière de conquête du pouvoir et surtout de maintien au pouvoir par l’extension de la dictature.

Ce livre est avant tout une biographie politique que Stéphane Courtois a voulu inspirée de la méthode d’Alexandre Soljenitsyne qui, dans La Roue rouge, a cherché à dégager des  » nœuds  » structurants le récit historique des moments où l’histoire bascule et prend une direction irrémédiable. L’auteur a examiné attentivement les Oeuvres de Lénine, qu’il a passé près de trente années de sa vie à écrire, et a extrait de cette terrible gangue idéologique et de cette logorrhée polémique la pensée intime et profonde qui l’a conduit à s’emparer du pouvoir et à instaurer un type de parti et de régime qui allait essaimer dans le monde entier en instaurant une culture de la violence.

Si Lénine se montra un formidable stratège en matière de conquête du pouvoir, maniant avec aisance la ruse et la force, dès qu’il fut aux affaires sa vision de la Russie et du monde vint se fracasser sur les mur des réalités militaires, économiques et sociales. Ce pur intellectuel devenu un révolutionnaire professionnel avait vécu pendant plus de vingt ans à l’écart de la société, sans travailler pour gagner sa vie, émargeant aux fonds du parti et de sa famille, sans idée précise de la façon dont vivait la grande majorité des Russes.

Non content d’avoir déclaré la guerre à  » la bourgeoisie  » et aux anciennes élites dirigeantes, Lénine y ajouta cette paysannerie qu’il avait toujours méprisée. Le 29 avril 1918, il proclama une lutte sans merci contre les paysans petits propriétaires. Jusqu’en 1921-1922, des milliers de soulèvements se transformèrent en une véritable guerre paysanne contre les rouges. Dans le même temps, des rouges – ouvriers, marins, artisans, commerçants vite revenus de leurs illusions – se révoltèrent contre le Parti bolchévique.

Face à ce début de fronde, massive mais divisée, Lénine réagit par l’extension de la terreur. Les exécutions se généralisèrent et devinrent massives en dehors de tout cadre judiciaire. Les premiers camps de concentration firent leur apparition pour y interner les Tchèques révoltés. Dès 1920, le premier système concentrationnaire à grande échelle se mettait en place, suivi en 1931 de l’apparition du Goulag. Qui sait encore que la chute de Sebastopol entraîna le massacre systématique par les rouges de plus de 50.000 civils et officiers pendus ou fusillés en novembre et décembre 1920 ? Que 135.000 civils et prisonniers  » blancs  » furent massacrés en Crimée en 1920 ? Qu’en 1919-1920, entre 300.000 et 500.000 Cosaques du Don furent tués ou déportés ? Ce ne sont là que quelques-unes des horreurs du léninisme que rapporte ce livre…

Lénine, l’inventeur du totalitarisme, Stéphane Courtois, éditions Perrin, 412 pages, 25 euros

A commander en ligne sur le site de l’éditeur

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