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L'empire des sables - La France au Sahel (Emmanuel Garnier) - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Emmanuel Garnier, directeur de recherche au CNRS, est par ailleurs professeur et chercheur invité aux universités de Cambridge, de Genève et au MIT.

Ce spécialiste de l’histoire des risques naturels s’interroge dans ce livre sur la pugnacité et la foi de cette poignée d’hommes des troupes de marine qui, durant près de cent ans, veilla « au salut de l’Empire » sur ces terres hostiles et mal connues du Sahel, où la notion même d’Etat relevait de la plus parfaite incongruité pour des populations locales adaptées depuis des siècles à leur milieu et jalouses de leur indépendance. Pourquoi tant d’énergie mobilisée alors même que ce désert ne révéla son intérêt économique que dans les années qui précédèrent la décolonisation ? Et encore, il convient de souligner qu’il se limitera à la découverte de gisements d’uranium au Niger et d’hydrocarbures dans le Sud algérien.

Nonobstant, même s’il n’abritait guère que 2% de la population africaine sous pavillon français dans les années 1940, l’espace des méharistes et des médecins coloniaux français évoqué ici n’est pas pour autant le désert des Tartares du lieutenant Giovanni Drogo. Ici, les risques ne sont pas attendus comme un but ultime, susceptible de donner du sens à une vie de soldat. Dans les forts sahariens, les risques sont vécus au quotidien sous des formes multiples, allant des rezzous aux campagnes médicales à dos de chameaux d’une communauté nomade à l’autre durant des jours, en passant par d’harassantes reconnaissances topographiques d’un espace ayant vocation à devenir un territoire impérial.

A contre-courant de notre démocratie moderne qui érige en valeur absolue le principe de précaution, vu comme le signe tangible d’un modèle de sécurité pour les citoyens, les troupes françaises qui œuvrèrent dans les zones inhospitalières du désert durant près d’un siècle firent la démonstration de leur capacité à acquérir les connaissances et les gestes nécessaires à une réduction maximale des risques.

Loin de chercher à les réduire au point de vouloir les esquiver pour ne pas exposer les hommes aux dangers imprévisibles des combats, les coloniaux surent au contraire les rendre acceptables en cultivant une éthique de l’action qui, de la phase de conquête à la paix nazaréenne, demeura leur apanage, sachant parfaitement que le risque réfléchi est une promesse de victoire et un critère de succès tactique.

L’empire des sables, Emmanuel Garnier, éditions Perrin, 400 pages, 23 euros

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