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Leipzig, la bataille des Nations (Bruno Colson) - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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leipzig

Bruno Colson, professeur à l’université de Namur, est un spécialiste d’histoire militaire et l’auteur de plusieurs ouvrages consacrés à la stratégie et l’art de la guerre.

La bataille de Leipzig fut la plus gigantesque des batailles napoléoniennes par le nombre d’hommes engagés (près de 500.000), par sa durée (quatre jours) et par son étendue géographique (à peu près quinze kilomètres carrés). Jamais de tels effectifs n’avaient été rassemblés pour un affrontement en rase campagne. L’Europe n’en verra pas de plus grands avant août 1914.

Après sa désastreuse campagne de Russie, Napoléon a réussi à reconstituer une armée considérable. Le 2 mai 1813, il bouscule les Russes et les Prussiens près de Leipzig, à Lützen. Les 20 et 21 mai, les Alliés sont de nouveau battus à Bautzen. Le ministre autrichien des Affaires étrangères, le comte de Metternich, propose un armistice aux belligérants. Signé le 4 juin, il prévoit la réunion d’un congrès à Prague, sous l’égide de l’Autriche, pour trouver une formule de paix. En réalité, chaque camp profite de ce répit pour resserrer ses liens diplomatiques et affûter ses armes. L’Autriche entre en guerre aux côtés des Alliés, ce qui donne naissance  à la sixième coalition contre la France. Trois armées sont constituées. Celle de Bohême est la principale, avec les Autrichiens et la plus grande partie des forces franco-prussiennes. Elle compte en tout plus de 200.000 hommes. Les monarques de Russie, de Prusse et d’Autriche y sont tous les trois présents. Une armée du nord, sous Bernadotte, est forte d’environ 127.000 Russes, Prussiens et Suédois. Enfin, l’armée russo-prussienne de Silésie, dirigée par le septuagénaire Blücher, compte 100.000 hommes. Un concept stratégique commun est élaboré, le plan de Trachenberg.

Les trois armées convergeront en un vaste demi-cercle autour des forces de Napoléon, attaqueront les corps détachés mais se retireront devant les masses emmenées par l’empereur des Français lui-même. Les conseils de Bernadotte rejoignent l’expérience russe de 1812 pour empêcher Napoléon de frapper un coup décisif et éroder ses forces petit à petit.

Napoléon a environ 400.000 hommes à opposer aux 500.000 Alliés.

La bataille de Leipzig est le point de départ de l’invention de la guerre totale. Elle deviendra un modèle pour des générations d’officiers allemands, avec le concept de l’action combinée d’armées séparées réutilisé dans les conditions « modernes  » de 1939 en tant que modèle de bataille d’encerclement.

Leipzig, Bruno Colson, éditions Perrin, collection Tempus, 672 pages, 12 euros

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