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Le plus grand gisement mondial de tellurium découvert - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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En explorant les fonds marins au large des Canaries, une équipe de chercheurs britanniques a identifié un gisement de tellurium d’une teneur 50 000 fois plus élevée que celle des gisements terrestres et représentant de 5 à 8 % des réserves mondiales de ce métalloïde rare, proche du sélénium, qui est un semi-conducteur utilisé dans certains types de cellules photovoltaïques et dans les capteurs infrarouges.

Cette découverte a été faire dans une montagne sous-marine de 3000 mètres de haut, sous 1000 mètres d’eau, dont le sommet en plateau semble avoir été arasé. Le Tropic Seamount est situé à 500 km des Canaries, dans l’océan Atlantique. Des robots sous-marins du Centre national d’océanographie britannique ont découvert que ce plateau était recouvert d’une croûte de 4 cm renfermant les plus vastes réserves de tellure jamais découvertes. Le Dr Bram Murton, qui a conduit l’exploration, les évalue à 2 670 tonnes, contre une production mondiale actuelle de 150 tonnes par an (bien que peu de données soient disponibles sur l’état des réserves terrestres de ce métalloïde gris-argent, estimés à 25 000 tonnes se trouvant, comme co-produit, dans les anodes de cuivre non-raffiné.

Cette découverte a ravivé le vaste débat sur l’opportunité de miner les grands fonds. Ceux-ci doivent certes être protégés, mais leur exploitation permettait de préserver la surface de kilomètres cubes d’excavation de minerai pauvre. Et la transformation de ce mont en panneaux solaires permettrait de couvrir, selon le Dr Murton, 65% de la demande en électricité de la Grande-Bretagne. « C’est un dilemme. Rien ne se fait sans un coût »a déclaré le scientifique à la BBC.

A l’heure actuelle, la production de tellurium est réduite à 5 pays et est de 152 tonnes par an. En 2014, les Etats-Unis en étaient le premier producteur mondial avec  33 %, devant le Japon 21 % (mais dont la production s’est effondrée de 47 tonnes en 2011 à 32 tonnes en 2014) la Suède 20,4 % (et dont la production, commencée en 2012, est passée de 7 à 31 tonnes en 3 ans), la Russie 19,7 % et le Canada fermant la marche avec 6 %. En 1969, la production des Etats-Unis était alors de 106 tonnes et celle du Canada de 47 tonnes, celle du Japon 23 tonnes et celle du Pérou 17 tonnes. La fin des années soixante-dix vit une embellie de la production japonaise, passant de 23 à 80 tonnes entre 1976 à 1979, le Japon soufflant la première place aux Etats-Unis, et le Pérou voyant s’amorcer le déclin de sa production (de 21 à 14 tonnes de 1975 à 1979). Les années quatre-vingt virent l’apparition éclair de la Belgique, 1er producteur mondial en 1984 avec 90 tonnes, seconde en 1985 avec 70 tonnes puis plus rien. Quant au Pérou, la production tomba à 4 tonnes en 1988.

Hristo XIEP

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