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lang="fr-FR"> Le clonage à l’encan - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Site icon https://dev.medias-presse.info

Le clonage à l’encan

Voilà une affaire bien curieuse. Il faut d’abord se souvenir de ce qu’est le clonage tel qu’il a été effectué pour Dolly par l’Ecossais Wilmut. Ce dernier a pris un ovule d’une brebis. Il en a bousculé le noyau pour le remplacer par celui d’une cellule provenant du pis du même animal. Pourquoi ? Parce que l’ovule ne porte que la moitié du patrimoine génétique (l’autre partie étant donnée par le mâle). En revanche le noyau de la cellule contient le patrimoine génétique complet comportant celui de la mère et celui du mâle.

Wilmut a stimulé cette nouvelle cellule par l’électricité ; celle-ci s’est mise à se diviser. Elle sera implantée dans l’utérus de la brebis-mère ; ce qui aboutira à la naissance de la brebis clonée Dolly. Selon cette technique, en 2005, le Coréen Hwang annonce avoir réussi un clonage de ce type sur l’homme. Dans ce cas quel est le devenir des embryons ? Ou bien ils sont implantés : c’est le clonage reproductif (reproduction d’un être humain identique). Ou bien on en récupère les cellules souches pour les développer en lignées et s’en servir pour régénérer des tissus malades ou détruits : c’est le clonage thérapeutique.

Or Hwang se révèle vite comme étant un escroc : il a tout inventé. Il sera inculpé par l’Etat coréen puis condamné en 2009 à deux ans de prison. A sa sortie il se remet au clonage sur les animaux. Ce qu’il faisait avec succès auparavant. Il se lancera dans le clonage des chiens au prix modique de 60.000 £ soit 70.000 euros. Il en fera des centaines. Notons au passage que les chiens clonés sont rarement identiques à l’original.

Nonobstant cette situation, le 11 février dernier, Hwang dépose le Brevet US n ° 8647872 concernant une technique permettant de cloner un embryon humain aux fins thérapeutiques expliquées ci-dessus. Celui-ci est enregistré sans doute par laxisme. En effet imaginons que je dépose un brevet sur la technique de transformer de l’eau en vin ou en essence, la première chose qui me sera demandée sera de me montrer ces produits. Or l’Office des brevets ne l’a pas fait. C’est bien une absence de découverte qui a été enregistrée.

Sur ce, l’Université de la Santé et des Sciences en Oregonaux USA s’est réveillée en expliquant avoir fait elle, cette découverte. Les chercheurs ont publié un papier sur leur travail dans la revue Cell en mai 2013. Ils déclarèrent avoir réussi le clonage des humains. Mais bien sûr l’embryon humain obtenu n’avait pas été implanté mais orienté vers l’usage thérapeutique. Le professeur Shoukhrat Mitalipov, maître du projet, expliqua qu’il n’était pas question de faire du clonage reproductif. Il y avait trop de risques de voir naître un enfant anormal, état donné ses échecs sur les singes. Il développait alors des lignées de cellules souches embryonnaires. Mais à ce jour il ne s’en est apparemment pas servi avec succès.

De plus, il avait effectué un prélèvement d’une cellule de la peau d’un bébé. Or  rien ne prouvait qu’une telle expérience réussisse en prenant des cellules provenant d’une personne âgée.

Notons qu’en Europe tout ce qui provient d’un embryon n’est pas brevetable. Tous ces travaux seraient ainsi mis à la poubelle.

                                                                                     Dr Jean-Pierre Dickès

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