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Histoire incorrecte de l'école, de l'Ancien Régime à aujourd'hui (Virginie Subias Konofal) - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Virginie Subias Konofal, agrégée de lettres classiques, ayant enseigné en classes préparatoires et dans le secondaire, est membre du bureau de la Fondation pour l’école. 

Ce livre parcourt l’histoire de l’institution scolaire en France et des pédagogies qui ont fleuri, ou fané, en son sein. D’emblée, Virginie Subias Konofal démontre que, lorsque Jules Ferry entra sur la scène scolaire, l’école était, en France, depuis plusieurs siècles à la fois gratuite et obligatoire. La vraie nouveauté introduite par Jules Ferry, et dont la bien-pensance ne cesse de le féliciter aujourd’hui, est la laïcité, qui était à l’époque une laïcité de combat contre la prépondérance éducative des œuvres ecclésiastiques.

La Gaule romaine connaissait déjà un système scolaire structuré, même s’il était totalement libre et indépendant de toute ingérence étatique. Ce système reprenait l’organisation qui prévalait à Rome, et qui échelonnait en trois niveaux successifs la formation de la jeunesse. Mais tout fut renversé par les vagues migratoires qu’on avait coutume d’appeler « invasions barbares », du IV au VIe siècles principalement, et ce fut alors l’Eglise qui se chargea de la reconstruction sur le territoire français. Dès le VIe siècle, les écoles ecclésiastiques se mirent en place, autour des monastères, des évêchés et des paroisses. Ces écoles instruisaient gratuitement les enfants des environs. Avec le sens de la justice qui la caractérisait, l’Eglise appliquait cette gratuite à tous, sauf aux riches qui avaient assez de bien pour aider à vivre ceux qui prenaient en charge l’éducation de leurs héritiers.

A partir du XVe siècle apparurent des « écoles civiles » ou « municipales », fondées par la bourgeoisie des villes qui voulait rivaliser avec l’Eglise dans la course à l’éducation, et qui vinrent compléter l’offre déjà abondante des écoles paroissiales ou épiscopales.

Ce n’est qu’au XVIIe siècle que se posa la question de l’obligation scolaire. Jusqu’alors c’était l’offre scolaire qui était obligatoire, l’Eglise imposant à son clergé d’instruire le peuple, mais liberté était laissée aux parents de confier leurs enfants aux structures existantes, ou non. Ce siècle vit l’éclosion de nouvelles congrégations qui innovèrent sur le plan pédagogique, comme celle des Frères des Ecoles Chrétiennes fondée par Jean-Baptiste de La Salle, et qui couvrirent l’Europe d’écoles. Il vit aussi la publication des premiers vrais manuels pédagogiques. L’ensemble ces changements amena une nette augmentation du taux d’alphabétisation.

C’est la Révolution qui, loin de promouvoir l’éducation dans les faits, malgré toutes les réflexions théoriques menées, arrêta cette dynamique et il faudra attendre la monarchie de Juillet pour qu’elle puisse se relancer. Ce livre nous montre ensuite comment les loges maçonniques entrèrent en œuvre pour mettre en place un plan concernant l’enseignement laïc, dont Jules Ferry fut le maître d’œuvre.

L’ouvrage analyse comment, au niveau du recrutement et de la formation des enseignants, on est ainsi passé de la liberté au monopole d’Etat.

Enfin, un dernier chapitre s’emploie à examiner le contenu des enseignements et réflexions pédagogiques du XVIe à nos jours, et les enjeux philosophiques, spirituels, sociaux et politiques qu’ils traduisent.

Histoire incorrecte de l’école, Virginie Subias Konofal, éditions du Rocher, 166 pages, 12,90 euros

A commander en ligne sur le site de l’éditeur

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