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Histoire du STO (Raphaël Spina) - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Raphaël Spina enseigne à l’Université d’Aix-en-Provence.

Le STO – Service du Travail Obligatoire – fut un exil forcé de main d’œuvre française vers l’Allemagne durant la seconde guerre mondiale. Au total, les lois du STO transfèrent 600.000 à 650.000 travailleurs vers le Grand Reich. L’essentiel des départs se produit entre début octobre 1942 et début août 1943 : le STO  est un phénomène relativement bref mais qui concerna de très nombreuses familles. Dans la France – l’un des seuls pays d’Europe sans tradition d’émigration – , à la population casanière, jamais autant de civils, souvent jeunes, n’avaient quitté le territoire national en un temps aussi court.

En 1944, 8 millions d’étrangers, civils ou prisonniers de guerre, occupent le quart des emplois du Reich, dont la moitié des emplois agricoles et le tiers des emplois industriels.

En ce qui concernent les travailleurs français, ils sont libres, dotés d’un contrat de travail et d’un salaire. Mais la France est particulièrement touchée par ces transferts massifs de travailleurs civils, exigés et supervisés par Fritz Sauckel, gauleiter de Thuringe et plénipotentiaire au recutement de la main-d’œuvre.

Après l’URSS et la Pologne, la France est le troisième pays fournisseur du Reich en travailleurs, et son principal fournisseur de main-d’œuvre qualifiée.

Ce livre entend offrir la première vue scientifique d’ensemble sur le STO au plan national, dans la globalité de ses dimensions et de ses conséquences. Il l’envisage d’abord et surtout « par le bas », et à travers sa perception par l’opinion publique de l’époque. Le comportement et le sort des requis comme des réfractaires sont analysés. L’auteur se penche également sur l’attitude d’une vaste catégorie, bien plus nombreuse que les réfractaires : ceux qu’il appelle les refusants – c’est-à-dire l’ensemble très hétérogène de tous ceux qui refusent de partir au STO et qui y parviennent sans passer pour autant dans l’illégalité du réfractariat. Les moyens utilisés sont parfois simples – faux certificats médicaux, obtention d’une exemption -, parfois plus exigeants – embauche dans des emplois protégés, entrée dans les pompiers ou les forces de l’ordre.

Un sujet finalement très méconnu.

Histoire du STO, Raphaël Spina, éditions Perin, 576 pages, 26 euros

A commander en ligne sur le site de l’éditeur

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