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Histoire du Sabotage (Sébastien Albertelli) - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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histoire-du-sabotage

Sébastien Albertelli est historien et écrivain.

En quoi consiste le sabotage ? Il ne se confond ni avec la destruction, ni avec l’attentat, ni avec le terrorisme, tous trois théorisés avant lui. Le sabotage entretient un lien avec toutes ces pratiques sans être réductible à l’une d’elles. Il a ses propres caractéristiques.

Contrairement au terrorisme et bien souvent à l’attentat, le sabotage est avant tout une atteinte à des biens matériels. Le sabotage est par ailleurs un acte conscient et intentionnel. Le sabotage s’intègre en outre dans une stratégie, contrairement au simple acte de malveillance. Comme tel, il suppose le plus souvent l’existence d’une organisation qui en définit au moins les grandes lignes. Mais le sabotage est une action illégale, marquée par conséquent du sceau du secret et du clandestin, dans sa conception comme dans sa réalisation.

Autre caractéristique, la valeur stratégique du sabotage repose sur la disproportion entre la faiblesse des moyens engagés et l’ampleur des effets attendus. Il est donc particulièrement adapté au contexte d’une lutte du faible contre le fort. Cette disproportion tient notamment à l’un des paradoxes des sociétés modernes : leur puissance repose sur des machines, des réseaux et des organisations que la complexité fragilise.

Cet ouvrage tente, à partir du cas français, de déterminer comment le sabotage a été inventé, c’est-à-dire comment l’idée en est apparue puis s’est transformée en une réalité entre 1870 et 1945. Le cas français n’épuise évidemment pas le sujet. C’est néanmoins un observatoire privilégié car c’est en France que le sabotage a été le plus théorisé et c’est dans ce pays qu’il a trouvé les adeptes les plus fervents.

L’histoire du sabotage est instinctivement associée à la résistance à l’occupant pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Pourtant, cette arme et l’imaginaire qu’elle nourrit remontent en réalité aux dernières décennies du XIXe siècle, à la croisée du militaire et du social. Dans l’armée, le concept émerge au moment de la guerre de 1870, mais il est surtout développé au cours des années suivantes au sein de services secrets institutionnalisés et stimulés par la perspective d’une revanche sur l’Allemagne. Le mot « sabotage » lui-même n’apparaît toutefois que dans les années 1890, au sein du monde syndical, et se diffuse ensuite dans l’opinion au cours des années précédant la Grande Guerre. Il peine en revanche à s’imposer chez les militaires qui se montrent naturellement réticents à accepter la moindre analogie entre l’art de la guerre et la révolution. Il finit par recouvrir aujourd’hui quantité d’actes violents qui ne relèvent pas nécessairement de la même logique. 

Histoire du Sabotage, Sébastien Albertelli, éditions Perrin, 400 pages, 25 euros

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