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lang="fr-FR"> Génétique : La grande illusion - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Site icon https://dev.medias-presse.info

Génétique : La grande illusion

On se souvient de cette importante découverte effectuée par Emmanuelle Charpentier et Jennifer Doudna en Suède. C’était le fameux Crispr-cas 9, un véritable ciseau génétique permettant de couper, réparer ou déplacer des chaînes d’ADN. Ainsi pouvait se développer la chirurgie du gène formé lui-même des chaînes d’ADN. C’est la thérapie génique. Fantastique : on allait pouvoir éliminer les maladies liées à des anomalies génétiques. Mais aussi choisir la couleur des yeux des futurs bébés, rendre intelligente ou sportive la progéniture ; et surtout se lancer dans la sélection eugénique déjà existant de manière partielle par l’avortement. Emballement généralisé !

Pourtant au décours de sa découverte, l’américaine Jennifer Doudna avait bien dit qu’il n’y avait pas lieu de s’emballer : « il faut dire les choses telles qu’elles sont ! » Elle avait bien raison : elle connaissait son métier. Le 16 juillet, la revue Nature Biotechnology titrait que, comme double effet, le Cripsr-Cas9 menait à de larges délétions et des réarrangements complexes. Tout le renouveau génétique attendu par cette découverte s’écroulait. Nous pouvons pleurer sur l’espoir suscité par Charpentier et Doudna pour les malades.

La délétion suppose une disparition de matériel génétique (ADN). Les réarrangements supposent des mélanges de ce matériel. Quels effets ? On n’en sait rien : des mutations involontaires et potentiellement nuisibles. La pire des catastrophes pour l’humanité souffrante. Plus grave encore encore, les mutations induites sont fréquentes tant chez l’animal (souris) que sur du tissu humain : elles peuvent souvent se faire à distance. La mariée était trop belle !

Que s’est-il passé : rien sinon ce qui existe déjà et que les médias oublient ?

Tout simplement, il existe des relations entre les chaînes d’ADN entre elles ; donc des gènes qui portent ces chaînes. Mais celles-ci se modifient constamment par l’apport que chacun reçoit par la société, la famille, le climat, le travail etc ; on comprend que les variations de ces facteurs entraîne constamment des modifications de ce que nous sommes ; ce qui est appelé le phénotype. De plus à chaque seconde apparaissent dans la cellule des centres d’informations appelés « épigénétiques ». On en connaît très peu de choses. Il s’en faudra des décennies avant que les savants maîtrisent l’ensemble de ces relations. Au jeu d’échec déplacer une pièce peut changer l’issue de la partie. Il est de même sur le génome qui est un jeu de milliard de pièces. Tout cela Doudna le savait.

Alors ? Alors rien, sinon une immense déception. Les généticiens continueront à avancer en matière de thérapie génique avec le ciseau Crispr-cas9 mais beaucoup plus lentement et prudemment.

Jean-Pierre Dickès

Cet article vous a plu ? MPI est une association à but non lucratif qui offre un service de réinformation gratuit et qui ne subsiste que par la générosité de ses lecteurs. Merci de votre soutien !

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