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lang="fr-FR"> Djihad 1914-1918 (Jean-Yves Le Naour) - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Djihad 1914-1918 (Jean-Yves Le Naour)

Jean-Yves Le Naour, historien, est un spécialiste de la Première Guerre mondiale à laquelle il a consacré plusieurs ouvrages.

Il nous revient avec un livre consacré à un projet méconnu de l’empereur d’Allemagne Guillaume II : reproduire « l’alliance impie » de 1536 entre le roi chrétien François Ier et le sultan Soliman le Magnifique. En 1898, le Kaiser Guillaume II se rend à Constantinople pour y rencontrer le sultan Abdulhamid II, isolé diplomatiquement depuis qu’il a laissé se perpétrer des massacres de centaines de milliers d’Arméniens de 1894 à 1897. Suivi par de nombreux correspondants de presse, Guillaume II visite ensuite Jérusalem, fait une excursion à Bethléem, profite de son séjour en Palestine pour recevoir le sioniste Theodor Herzl, qui lui fait part de son projet d’Etat juif, auquel il accorde une oreille bienveillante. Puis il met le cap sur Beyrouth, Baalbek et Damas. C’est à Damas, le 8 novembre 1898, au cours d’un banquet offert en son honneur, que Guillaume II prononce un discours dans lequel il affirme que « les 300 millions de musulmans dispersés sur la Terre » peuvent être assurés que « l’empereur allemand sera toujours leur ami et protecteur« . La manœuvre de l’Allemagne vise à se rapprocher de l’Empire ottoman et se poser en défenseur des musulmans dans le but d’actionner le levier du panislamisme en cas de conflit avec l’Angleterre. Un appel au djihad lancé par le sultan ottoman, calife de l’Islam et commandeur des croyants, pourrait provoquer de sérieux troubles dans les colonies britanniques, en Inde, mais aussi en Egypte, et pourrait faire perdre au Royaume-Uni la possession du Canal de Suez. Tel est le plan des stratèges allemands.

En 1904, après la conclusion de l’Entente cordiale entre Paris et Londres, l’Allemagne étend aux colonies nord-africaines de la France son projet de soulèvement panislamique. Et après la signature de la Triple-Entente en 1907, qui fait de la Russie l’alliée du Royaume-Uni et de la France, l’Allemagne envisage comment vingt millions de musulmans dans le Caucase et en Asie centrale pourraient paralyser la Russie en cas d’appel au djihad.

Mais en 1908, la révolution des Jeunes-Turcs, partisans d’un Etat laïque, remet en question tout le patient travail d’approche de l’Allemagne. Toutefois, les Jeunes-Turcs sont pragmatiques et Enver Pacha, qui commande l’armée ottomane en Libye contre les Italiens, a tôt fait de comprendre le pouvoir mobilisateur de l’appel à la guerre sainte pour les tribus locales. Le panislamisme refait surface au nom de la Realpolitik.

En novembre 1914, la Turquie entre en guerre et le vendredi 14 novembre 1914, devant la mosquée Fatih, le Commandeur des Croyants proclame la guerre sainte. Mais l’appel du calife n’obtient pas le résultat escompté et peine à atteindre les différentes populations visées. Le seul endroit où elles répondent à l’appel n’est pas le plus stratégiquement avantageux : la belligérance des oasis de Tripolitaine et de Cyrénaïque est toujours bonne à prendre, mais comme un piètre lot de consolation. Des agitateurs sont envoyés par Constantinople aux quatre coins du monde musulman. Ils sont repérés dans les Indes, en Afghanistan, au Maroc. Ce livre en examine les résultats variés et les raisons qui les expliquent.

Le jour où, de la fenêtre de son palais, le chérif de La Mecque tire sur la soldatesque turque et appelle les Arabes à se soulever contre les Ottomans, accusés d’être des traîtres à l’islam, le djihad conçu à Berlin et exécuté à Constantinople rend son dernier souffle. Nous sommes en juin 1916.

Djihad 1914-1918, Jean-Yves Le Naour, éditions Perrin, 304 pages, 20 euros

A commander en ligne sur le site de l’éditeur

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