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Démographie - L’avenir des hommes - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Un récent rapport de l’ONU dénonce un vieillissement mondial rapide : la croissance globale ralentit notablement, même en l’Afrique. En Europe, les générations en âge de procréer sont peu nombreuses. La croissance prévue pour ces pays est faible ou nulle : ils ne pourront assurer le renouvellement de la population actuelle. Au niveau mondial, entre 2010 et 2015, 83 pays ont montré un sous-développement de la fertilité dont 25 un taux de fertilité inférieur à 1,5 enfant par femme.

Si ces prévisions sont exactes, 48 pays verront leur population se réduire d’ici 2050. La croissance mondiale viendra seulement de 9 pays dont l’Inde, le Nigéria, les Etats-Unis et l’Indonésie.

Dans le monde, l’espérance de vie a augmenté de 3 ans et en Afrique, qui connait la plus forte baisse de mortalité infantile ; celle-ci a augmenté de 6 ans pour les petits. D’ici à 2050, un quart de la population du monde, à part l’Afrique, sera âgé de 60 ans ou plus. Le marché du travail doit assimiler la population en âge de travailler. Les pays africains ont un avantage avec 13 travailleurs par personne dépendante, les pays d’Asie 8, l’Europe moins de 4 et le Japon seulement 2,1 pour 1 retraité.

La chute du taux de fertilité et l’augmentation de l’espérance de vie concourent ainsi à un vieillissement de la population mondiale.

Une incohérence apparaît entre ces données et le discours à l’intention des Africains. Il appelle à plus de santé reproductive et de planification familiale pour réduire la taille importante des familles et permettre d’ « éradiquer la pauvreté et l’inégalité, combattre la faim, et développer les systèmes de scolarisation et de santé ». Mais des décennies de planification familiale ont engendré en Chine une forte baisse de fécondité ; l’Inde dépasserait la Chine en termes de population d’ici à 2022, 6 ans plus tôt que la prédiction démographique de 2013.

Des démographes ont critiqué la méthodologie du rapport de l’ONU car ses projections ne tiennent pas compte des spécificités de chaque pays (le taux de fertilité du Japon de 1,3 enfants par femme, serait de 1,81 d’ici à 2050, l’ONU n’explique pourtant pas comment ce revirement important pourrait se produire).

Les nouvelles prévisions de population mondiale sont désormais de 8,5 milliards en 2030, 9,7 milliards en 2050 et 11,2 milliards en 2100, avec une probabilité de 23% qu’elle se stabilise voire baisse avant 2100.

Marguerite POUSSIN

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