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Charles VII, une vie, une politique (Philippe Contamine) - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Philippe Contamine, professeur émérite d’histoire du Moyen Âge à l’université Paris-Sorbonne, est internationalement connu pour ses travaux sur la noblesse et sur la guerre au Moyen Âge.

Ce livre se veut une histoire politique de Charles de France, ou de Valois (1403-1461), qui fut successivement comte de Ponthieu, dauphin et régent du royaume de France et surtout roi de France sous le nom de Charles VII. L’auteur met l’accent sur la personnalité de Charles, sa famille, son entourage, ses sujets, ses amis, ses alliés et ses ennemis et, plus généralement, sur l’exercice de son pouvoir, alors que le contexte où il vécut était pour le moins contrasté : d’une part les circonstances lui furent longtemps défavorables mais d’autre part un certain essor de l’Etat, commencé depuis plus d’un siècle, continuait sur sa lancée, ce qui n’était pas pour lui un mince avantage.

Charles VII a été aux affaires pendant quarante-trois ans, de 1418 à 1461. Il est évident qu’il n’était pas le même, ni physiquement, ni psychologiquement, à 15 ans, à 35 ans, à 55 ans. Son entourage public et privé ne cessa de changer, même si la reine l’accompagna, discrètement, tout au long de son règne, puisque leur union date de 1422 et qu’elle lui survécut encore deux ans.

Pendant longtemps, il ne fut pas en situation de mener le jeu, à l’intérieur comme à l’extérieur, mais simplement de réagir, de façon souvent inefficace, donnant une impression de pathétique impuissance. La succession des influences qui se manifestèrent auprès de lui entraîna beaucoup d’hésitations et d’oscillations dans son action.

Il lui fallait vaincre son adversaire, l’expulser et faire en sorte que les Français qui ne le reconnaissaient pas retournent à leur obéissance « naturelle ». Le premier objectif nécessitait des moyens militaires, qu’il chercha auprès de ses sujets comme auprès de ses alliés. Le second conduisait à des négociations mais aussi à une action de propagande ou de persuasion. Une fois ces objectifs atteints, non sans de multiples péripéties, il lui revint de ménager les grands, de remettre de l’ordre dans la société et de gouverner prudemment, tout en conservant une force armée dissuasive, laquelle requérait des ressources fiscales adéquates.

Charles VII ne fut ni un saint, ni un chevalier (bien qu’adoubé lors de son sacre), ni un mécène, ni un bâtisseur, ni non plus un croisé. Tout cela ne l’empêcha pas de finir en roi de victoire, en roi fondateur, en roi de clémence, d’unité et de paix.

Charles VII, Philippe Contamine, éditions Perrin, 570 pages, 26 euros

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