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lang="fr-FR"> Beccaria, Voltaire et Napoléon ou l'étrange humanisme pénal des Lumières (Xavier Martin) - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Beccaria, Voltaire et Napoléon ou l’étrange humanisme pénal des Lumières (Xavier Martin)

Xavier Martin, Professeur émérite d’histoire du droit à l’Université d’Angers, est l’auteur d’une douzaine d’ouvrages sur les implications d’une approche réductrice de l’humain dans l’esprit des Lumières, sous la Révolution, et durant la séquence napoléonienne.

Avec ce livre, il met à mal la version académique qui prévaut en France, dans l’enseignement du droit et de l’histoire des idées politiques, selon laquelle la législation pénale de l’Assemblée constituante (1791) se serait nourrie, en s’en prévalant, de l’humanisme de Voltaire et Beccaria (réformateur pénaliste italien en 1764) tandis que les codes criminels napoléoniens (1808 et 1810), avec leur regain de sévérité auraient surtout, à cet égard, sensiblement rétrogradé.

Or, Xavier Martin montre au lecteur qu’une prise en compte de la vision sur l’homme alors prédominante relativise un tel contraste : de Voltaire à Napoléon, Révolution incluse, elle a propension à mettre en valeur une continuité utilitariste.

En 1808 et 1810, le législateur napoléonien se réfère sans cesse à l’antécédent de 1791. Or, le travail des constituants emprunte beaucoup à Beccaria, auteur du livre Des délits et des peines (1764), dont on a pu écrire qu’en moins de quelques lustres il avait provoqué plus de changements dans le droit pénal mondial que celui-ci n’en avait connu depuis des siècles. Et Beccaria lui-même s’avoue tributaire des Lumières et surtout d’Helvétius. Qui est donc cet inspirateur ? Ni criminaliste ni même juriste, il est en fait le vulgarisateur en chef de la vision de l’homme telle que théorisée par les Lumières. Or, celle-ci conditionne étroitement l’humanisme, enjeu décisif sur le plan pénal en ces années-là.

Cet aspect anthropologique a toute son importance. Cet état d’esprit des Lumières va d’abord conduire à une vision humaine superficiellement optimisme puis, sous l’influence des soubresauts révolutionnaires, va basculer dans une vision humaine résolument pessimiste qui encourage le pouvoir dans son inclination à réprimer. De Robespierre à Napoléon, voici la notion de « terreur salutaire »…

Beccaria, Voltaire et Napoléon ou l’étrange humanisme pénal des Lumières, Xavier Martin, éditions DMM, 304 pages, 26 euros

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