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lang="fr-FR"> Bébés génétiquement modifiés : le monde des Savants Fous - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Site icon https://dev.medias-presse.info

Bébés génétiquement modifiés : le monde des Savants Fous

La convention d’Oviedo de 1997, interdit de modifier le génome d’un embryon. Pourquoi ? « Lorsqu’une cellule germinale est modifiée, le changement est irréversible. Transmis de façon irrémédiable au fil des générations, il se propagera au sein des familles, des communautés et des pays, jusqu’à faire définitivement partie intégrante de l’humanité. Les effets d’une modification génétique ne se manifestant pas avant des années, des décennies voire des générations, l’altération irréversible du génome humain représente un risque trop important. »

La question est que la Chine n’a pas signé cette convention. Mais de fait, il existe un consensus international de bon sens sur cette question. Entretemps est intervenue la découverte du ciseau à gênes d’Emmanuelle Charpentier, le CRISPCa9.

En novembre 2018, un biologiste chinois du nom de He Jiankui a passé outre. Ce Frankenstein aux petits pieds a annoncé avoir utilisé Crispr-Cas9 pour modifier le génome d’embryons humains, affichant l’objectif de leur conférer une résistance naturelle contre le VIH. Une fois réimplantés dans l’utérus maternel, les embryons modifiés se sont développés pour donner naissance à deux fillettes. C’est ainsi que sont venus au monde Lulu et Nana.

Le biologiste fut arrêté et remisé dans un logement gardé par douze geôliers. Il doit passer en jugement. Facile à comprendre : la Chine attendait de voir comment allaient évoluer ces enfants.

Nous avons toujours expliqué que le génome est un colossal jeu d’échec : bouger une seule pièce peut aboutir à des catastrophes.

Qu’est est-il de Lulu et de Nana un an plus tard ? Il apparaît à ce jour que la mutation recherchée pour prévenir le sida n’a pas été effective. Rien ne le prouve : n’a été retrouvé que ce qui existait auparavant comme défense immunitaire. Donc le but recherché a été un échec. Mais plus grave, le séquençage du génome montre qu’un certain nombre de mutations sont apparues. Quand vont-elles s’activer ? Les avis des scientifiques sont unanimes : on n’en sait rien. Que vont-elles entraîner comme conséquences ? Personne ne peut le dire ; la seule chose sur laquelle tout le monde est d’accord est que dans tous les cas les mutations seront transmises à la progéniture de ces enfants.

Cette affaire pose de multiples questions. Ce savant fou a-t-il utilisé la bonne technique ? Celle-ci est-elle aussi facile que l’on pouvait espérer ? Comment vont réagir les Chinois à cette invraisemblable affaire ? Dans ce pays où ne règne pas la loi mais les « directives du parti », il risque la peine de mort en passant outre ce qui était autorisé. Quel sera le sort de ce qu’il faut bien appeler « ses complices » qui sont considérés comme nombreux ?

Tout ce que l’on peut dire à ce jour : He Jankui est le type de savant fou qui peuvent modifier l’avenir du monde comme nous l’explique plus haut la Convention d’Oviedo. On ne doit pas jouer avec le feu.

Jean-Pierre Dickès

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