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Atlas historique de l'Afrique (Bernard Lugan) - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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L’africaniste Bernard Lugan, expert auprès du Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda, fut professeur à l’Ecole de Guerre et aux Ecoles de Saint-Cyr-Coëtquidan. Il dirige la revue L’Afrique Réelle et a écrit plus d’une trentaine d’ouvrages consacrés à l’Afrique.

Son nouvel Atlas historique de l’Afrique est un précieux outil pour mieux comprendre les différentes mutations qui ont rythmé l’histoire du continent africain, des origines à nos jours. 250 cartes commentées par l’auteur permettent d’observer les différences qui caractérisent ce continent (désert, forêts denses, variétés ethno-linguistiques, religions, démographie…) ainsi que de suivre son évolution historique.

Il y eut d’abord les changements climatiques dont les conséquences ne furent pas les mêmes en Afrique de l’Ouest ou en Afrique orientale et australe, et qui expliquent le « miracle » égyptien avec la vallée du Nil. Puis, aux VIIe et VIIIe siècles, l’islamisation de l’Afrique du Nord entraîna la cassure nord-sud du monde méditerranéen et l’apparition d’un front mouvant entre chrétienté et islam qui ne fut stabilisé qu’au XVIIe siècle. A partir du XVIIIe siècle, on vit apparaître des Etats forts, phénomène qui se produisit dans toute l’Afrique au sud du Sahara et qui présente de grandes différences régionales. Ainsi, dans la région sahélo-soudanaise, le jihad servit de paravent à la volonté impérialiste de sultanats nordistes qui entreprirent de s’étendre aux dépens d’entités animistes sahéliennes, comme les royaumes bambara. Tandis qu’en Afrique centrale ou australe, des empires ethno-centrés furent formés par le rassemblement de tribus ou de clans appartenant aux mêmes ensembles ethniques, comme les royaumes Luba, Lunda, Shona, Zulu ou celui d’Imerina à Madagascar. Dans les années 1880 s’ouvrit la période coloniale, brève parenthèse de moins d’un siècle puisque la décennie 1960 apporta la décolonisation, les anciens dominés de l’époque pré-coloniale héritant généralement des Etats créés par les colonisateurs. Ensuite, durant la guerre froide, l’Afrique devenue indépendante fut contrainte d’adopter une histoire qui n’était pas la sienne en entrant dans la clientèle de l’un ou l’autre bloc. A la disparition de ceux-ci, dans les années 1990, les vrais problèmes se posèrent : ethniques, culturels, politiques et parfois religieux, avant d’être économiques. Bernard Lugan nous montre qu’au moment où l’Afrique aurait pu renouer avec son histoire, elle en fut empêchée par la démocratisation, synonyme de loi du nombre au profit des ethnies les plus nombreuses, débouchant sur des troubles, des émeutes, des guerres, des massacres et même un génocide au Rwanda. L’ouvrage se termine au plus près de l’actualité avec la décomposition de la Libye, le jihadisme sahélien, les questions du Mali, la guerre de Boko Haram et les mutations sud-africaines.

Atlas historique de l’Afrique, Bernard Lugan, éditions du Rocher, 424 pages, 25,90 euros

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