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lang="fr-FR"> A-t-on créé un embryon ? - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Site icon https://dev.medias-presse.info

A-t-on créé un embryon ?

On se souvient de la spectaculaire réalisation du Japonais Yamanaka ; celle de la création des cellules souches pluripotentes dites iPS à partir de cellules de la peau ; ce qui rendait inutile leur prélèvement sur des embryons abandonnés par leurs parents dans le cadre de la PMA. Elles permettent de remplacer un grand nombre de tissus malades comme dans le Parkinson. Peu de temps après que ce savant ait reçu le prix Nobel en 2012, un autre Japonais du nom de Michinori Saïto déclarait avoir transformé les cellules de Yamanaka en gamètes (spermatozoïdes et ovules). Apparemment personne n’a osé s’en servir pour la reproduction humaine.

Cependant, une équipe internationale de scientifiques a pratiquement réalisé des embryons artificiels de souris ; ce qui fait franchir une étape cruciale dans la réalisation de la vie et son développement ; ceci toujours avec les cellules de Yamanaka. Les chercheurs ont suggéré qu’ils pourraient réaliser l’équivalent chez l’homme, la création d’embryons.

Une équipe britannique dirigée par Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz, professeur à l’université de Cambridge, a réalisé un embryon de souris à partir de trois types de cellules souches iPS ainsi qu’une sorte d’échafaudage en trois dimensions sur lequel elles pouvaient se développer.

Il a été publié dans le Journal de biologie cellulaire Nature Cell Biology un article repris par Science News et l’agence Reuters du 23 juillet ; il sera répercuté par de nombreuses publications elles-mêmes allant parfois très loin, affirmant que l’on créera bientôt un humain.

Pourquoi trois types de cellules souches : pour permettre la gastrulation ? De quoi s’agit-il ? Chez les mammifères les cellules embryonnaires se différencient en trois couches. L’ectoderme qui donnera les revêtements cutanés, l’endoderme permettra la formation des organes ; et le mésoderme qui représente le tissu de soutien de toute l’organisme, et de certaines parties du corps comme les muscles.

Dans cette recherche en biologie, on voit que les structures de l’embryon sont désormais en place ; mais pour l’instant les savants ne savent pas aller au-delà. Il va donc falloir comprendre comment ces trois couches superposées comme dans une petite bille, interviennent entre elles pour aller plus loin dans le développement embryonnaire. Zernicka-Goetz pense alors être très proche d’obtenir un embryon réel. Son idée est qu’une couche des cellules iPS règle les autres. Mais son but n’est pas d’obtenir une souris, ou même un humain ; mais d’essayer de comprendre pourquoi de nombreux débuts de grossesse tournent court. On est donc loin de l’emballement habituel des médias sur ce genre de questions. On ne sait pas comment fonctionne ce pseudo embryon à trois couches.

Jean-Pierre Dickès

Cet article vous a plu ? MPI est une association à but non lucratif qui offre un service de réinformation gratuit et qui ne subsiste que par la générosité de ses lecteurs. Merci de votre soutien !

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