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Les BRICS contre le FMI - https://dev.medias-presse.info
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Tout d’abord, qu’est-ce que les BRICS ? Il s’agit d’un groupe informel – c’est-à-dire sans traité ou accord international ainsi que sans aucun organisme, institution ou bureau permanent – de cinq Etats qualifiés d’ « émergents » : Brésil, Russie, Inde, Chine et Afrique du sud. Ces Etats totalisent ensemble 40 % de la population de la planète, plus de 30 % du PIB mondial et près de 60 % de la croissance mondiale. Engrangeant des taux de croissance souvent supérieurs (voire très supérieurs) à ceux que connaissent les pays occidentaux, ces Etats sont des puissances régionales en voie de devenir dans un avenir plus ou moins proche de grandes puissances mondiales.

Les 15 et 16 juillet derniers s’est déroulé au Brésil le sixième sommet des BRICS. Cette réunion des chefs d’Etat de puissances émergentes a vu la conclusion d’un accord préparé depuis 2012 consacrant la mise en place d’une « nouvelle Banque de développement » (NBD). Cette NBD est destinée à devenir une réserve de change de 100 milliards de dollars alternative au Fonds monétaire international1 et à la Banque mondiale2. La Chine, qui abritera le siège de la NBD à Shangaï, s’est engagée à fournir 41 milliards de dollars sur les 100 tandis que Brésil, Russie et Inde participeront à hauteur de 18 milliards chacun et que l’Afrique du sud versera 5 milliards. La nouvelle institution accordera des prêts aux Etats-membres, leur permettant ainsi de stabiliser leurs réserves de change et leur monnaie.

Si la NBD est, dans un premier temps, un projet porté exclusivement par les BRICS, la participation en sera dans le futur ouverte à d’autres Etats à la condition que la part totale du fonds engagée par les BRICS ne descende pas en-dessous de 55 %.

L’objectif affiché est clair : il s’agit de réduire l’influence financière des Etats-Unis et de l’Union européenne sur les processus dans le monde et de se libérer du (dés)ordre mondial américano-centré. Selon Vladimir Poutine, le lancement de cette nouvelle Banque de développement vise ainsi « à renforcer l’architecture financière internationale pour la rendre équilibrée et juste » et permettra aux BRICS de réduire leur dépendance envers la politique financière des puissances occidentales. Le secrétaire-adjoint du Conseil de sécurité russe, Fedor Lioukanov, a, pour sa part, évoqué « une digne réponse à la Banque européenne d’investissement qui a suspendu ses projets conjoints avec la Russie ».

Baudouin Lefranc

1 Le FMI créditeles gouvernements en cas d’incapacité à couvrir leur déficit courant.

 

2 La Banque mondiale octroie des crédits préférentiels pour des projets à long terme.

 

Cet article vous a plu ? MPI est une association à but non lucratif qui offre un service de réinformation gratuit et qui ne subsiste que par la générosité de ses lecteurs. Merci de votre soutien !

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